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Oil Extraction

Today's oil and gas industry workers,fluids or drilling mud as rock is chipped
including geologists who find crude oil andaway. The fluid washes out the drill hole as
natural gas deposits; site supervisors whoit goes, making the process more efficient.
oversee field operations; and refiners, useThe fluid also stops an oil well from
computers and other technology to make theirbursting forth unexpectedly (known as a
work easier, more efficient and less costly."gusher").
And doing that is becoming easier as more and
more technology is developed. Large oilIn the best conditions, nature helps oilfield
companies have a definite advantage when itworkers bring their find to the surface after
comes to using technology, since advanceda well is drilled. After an initial surge,
technology costs more than small companieseither large or small, pressure in the
can afford. A lot of the technologicalreserve decreases, meaning other methods must
innovations are not feasible except for bigbe  used  to  get  the  rest.
oil companies. But some pieces of technology
are available to all, and even the smallOne of those methods is artificial lift. With
companies have latched onto them. Some of thethis method, a pump sucks oil into tubing
top technologies in drilling include loggingwhich then feeds into a storage container on
while drilling, horizontal drilling, "smart"ground level. Several years back, walking
drill bits, and new methods for recoveringbeams-arms which pump back and forth like a
oil. Basic forms of logging while drilling,teeter-totter to suck the oil upward were a
where a driller views the inside of the holecommon site in Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana,
being drilled in one way or another, haveCalifornia and other oil-producing states.
been around for some time. Logging is usedAnother form of artificial lift involves
here in the form that you log, or check andpumping gas bubbles into oil to decrease its
write up, what is happening as it occurs.density, making it lighter and thereby
Keeping track of what you are hitting orallowing reservoir pressure to pump it out.
missing helps in future drilling. There areBoth of these methods leave much oil in the
various techniques of logging. Suchreservoir, meaning other methods must be
techniques make drilling more efficient,employed  to  get  the  rest.
meaning less money is spent on getting to
crude oil, which eventually could lowerWater or gas injection are also alternative
consumer prices for oil-related products,methods of bringing the oil to the surface.
such  as  gasoline.With gas injection into the top of the
reservoir, a gas cap forms, forcing oil to
Not all oil deposits are readily accessiblethe bottom and then pressuring it out. To use
to a traditional vertical well. In fact, inwater flooding, water must be entered into
recent years many oil wells have been duganother well site connected to the well being
starting on one piece of land and crossingworked on. The water floods into all wells,
underneath a body of water to another pieceforcing oil to the top, since oil floats on
of  land  to  reach  the  deposit.water. To see this, take any common oil, such
as the kind found in most kitchens, and pour
Surface drilling equipment is offset from thesome into a cup of water. The two fluids stay
oil deposit. At the start of the drillseparate with the oil on top even after
process, the well is drilled vertically, thenvigorous  mixing.
a few degrees at a time it turns whichever
direction is needed to hit the deposit.Natural gas can be pumped into a reservoir to
Sometimes the arc of the well is great, othermix with the oil, making it light enough to
times less, depending on how sharp a turn hasflow. Another option is to use a surfactant
to  be  made.or soap-like substance ahead of water and
behind the oil. The substance forms a barrier
The drilling part that actually tears oraround the oil, and water behind the
chips away at soil, rock and other materialssubstance pushes the oil to the surface. The
as a well is dug, called a drill bit, is ansoapy substance also ensures a thorough
essential tool to drilling a well. In recentgathering  of  oil.
years, technology advancements have made such
tools more capable, longer lasting and lessHeat also can be used to get oil flowing. Up
expensive. Newer bits, which have carbideto a million times thicker than water, oil
teeth and are specially designed forcan be thinned by blasting steam into the
different types of material, can go betweenreservoir. Water is first pumped off, then
30,000 and 40,000 feet before needing to beoil is gathered.
replaced.Rotary drilling allows the use of



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